- Costs of wars are huge and tragic. Will GOP and Tea Party refuse our veterans and families? -
By Jamie Reno
San Diego, CA (Home Post) - Paul Sullivan, founder of Veterans for Common Sense, shares with me the very latest numbers from the Veterans Administration on American veterans treated almost immediately after returning home from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars.
Sullivan, who obtained these statistics from the VA through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), will be presenting this information more formally at a speech at Boston University Law School today. "This is truly remarkable and new information about the Iraq, Afghanistan, and Gulf Wars," says Sullivan, a Gulf War veteran who, before creating his veterans advocacy organization in 2002, worked at the VA. Here are some of the numbers:
As of June 30, 2010, VA treated 594,000 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veteran patients - up 29,000 the past 3 months. Of those, 295,000 were diagnosed with at least one mental health condition by VA, up 18,000 in the past three months. Of those, 171,000 were diagnosed with post-traumatic-stress disorder (PTSD) by VA, up 13,000 in the past three months.
Showing posts with label Veterans Administration. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Veterans Administration. Show all posts
Apr 5, 2008
Army Worried by Rising Stress of Return Tours to Iraq
No one is mistaking the Bush-Cheney chickenhawks for people who give a damn, but Bush' idiotic war is taking its toll our serving troops and veterans.
From the NYT:
WASHINGTON — Army leaders are expressing increased alarm about the mental health of soldiers who would be sent back to the front again and again under plans that call for troop numbers to be sustained at high levels in Iraq for this year and beyond.
The Bush-McCain prescription:
- Stay in Iraq for decades,
- Cut and obstruct delivery of VA benefits; and
- Question the patriotism of anyone who disagrees
See also: Iraq War and U.S. Soldiers' Suicides; Every day five U.S. soldiers attempt to take their lives
From the NYT:
WASHINGTON — Army leaders are expressing increased alarm about the mental health of soldiers who would be sent back to the front again and again under plans that call for troop numbers to be sustained at high levels in Iraq for this year and beyond.
The Bush-McCain prescription:
- Stay in Iraq for decades,
- Cut and obstruct delivery of VA benefits; and
- Question the patriotism of anyone who disagrees
See also: Iraq War and U.S. Soldiers' Suicides; Every day five U.S. soldiers attempt to take their lives
Jul 17, 2007
VA Secretary’s Resignation Applauded
VA Secretary Jim Nicholson announced his impending resignation today.
Nicholson was widely seen as another example of Bushian political patronage as his resume was devoid of veterans’ advocacy experience and his primary qualification for the job was serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1997 to 2000.
Veterans, veterans’ support groups and advocates applauded the resignation:
"My sincere desire is that Secretary Nicholson's replacement is a true veterans' advocate,” said Larry Scott, Military.com columnist and founder of VA Watchdog. “The VA needs a dynamic leader to ensure proper care and benefits for the nation's veterans, not just another political appointee being rewarded for loyalty."
"Secretary Nicholson's resignation should be welcome news for all veterans. Tens of thousands of veterans currently are waiting for their first VA appointment, and the backlog of veterans' benefits claims has increased by more than 50% in three years, to more than 350,000. The VA under Secretary Nicholson has also been woefully unprepared for the influx of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, consistently underestimating the number of new veterans who would seek care, and failing to spend the money Congress allotted to treat mental health issues." said Paul Rieckhoff, Executive Director of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. "Bottom line: Secretary Nicholson is the FEMA Director Michael Brown that America doesn't know about."
"The result of his tenure at the VA was a bungled budget that was billions short, budget cuts that hurt veterans and personal data of thousands of veterans being stolen," said Jon Soltz, head of New York-based VoteVets.org, a group that includes more than 800 people who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Senator Patty Murray (D-WA), Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs: "...we need the President to send us a serious nominee to fill the job. That means a truthful advocate for veterans, not an apologist for this Administration's failures to plan. The next VA Secretary must have a record of being a strong and independent voice for veterans – not someone being rewarded for political loyalty.”
Senator Barack Obama (D-IL), Member of the Senate Vets' Committee: “It is clear that Secretary Nicholson is leaving the VA worse off than he found it. He oversaw one of the most tumultuous periods in recent VA history, including billion-dollar budget shortfalls, ongoing cuts in services to certain groups of veterans, and the continuation of a dysfunctional bureaucracy that keeps many veterans from getting the disability benefits they deserve. I along with my friend Senator Durbin had to fight Nicholson's VA to ensure that our Illinois veterans could receive their fair share of benefits. The fact is, veterans have been right to be disappointed in Jim Nicholson's leadership at VA.”
Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs:"Veterans in this country and their families need an advocate, not an adversary. They need someone committed to ending the waiting lines for health care and other services in Vermont and across the country, someone committed to opening the doors of the VA to all veterans, and someone who will make sure that service members returning from combat and their families get the care they deserve."
###
Nicholson was widely seen as another example of Bushian political patronage as his resume was devoid of veterans’ advocacy experience and his primary qualification for the job was serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1997 to 2000.
Veterans, veterans’ support groups and advocates applauded the resignation:
"My sincere desire is that Secretary Nicholson's replacement is a true veterans' advocate,” said Larry Scott, Military.com columnist and founder of VA Watchdog. “The VA needs a dynamic leader to ensure proper care and benefits for the nation's veterans, not just another political appointee being rewarded for loyalty."
"Secretary Nicholson's resignation should be welcome news for all veterans. Tens of thousands of veterans currently are waiting for their first VA appointment, and the backlog of veterans' benefits claims has increased by more than 50% in three years, to more than 350,000. The VA under Secretary Nicholson has also been woefully unprepared for the influx of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, consistently underestimating the number of new veterans who would seek care, and failing to spend the money Congress allotted to treat mental health issues." said Paul Rieckhoff, Executive Director of Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America. "Bottom line: Secretary Nicholson is the FEMA Director Michael Brown that America doesn't know about."
"The result of his tenure at the VA was a bungled budget that was billions short, budget cuts that hurt veterans and personal data of thousands of veterans being stolen," said Jon Soltz, head of New York-based VoteVets.org, a group that includes more than 800 people who served in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Senator Patty Murray (D-WA), Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs: "...we need the President to send us a serious nominee to fill the job. That means a truthful advocate for veterans, not an apologist for this Administration's failures to plan. The next VA Secretary must have a record of being a strong and independent voice for veterans – not someone being rewarded for political loyalty.”
Senator Barack Obama (D-IL), Member of the Senate Vets' Committee: “It is clear that Secretary Nicholson is leaving the VA worse off than he found it. He oversaw one of the most tumultuous periods in recent VA history, including billion-dollar budget shortfalls, ongoing cuts in services to certain groups of veterans, and the continuation of a dysfunctional bureaucracy that keeps many veterans from getting the disability benefits they deserve. I along with my friend Senator Durbin had to fight Nicholson's VA to ensure that our Illinois veterans could receive their fair share of benefits. The fact is, veterans have been right to be disappointed in Jim Nicholson's leadership at VA.”
Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT), Member of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs:"Veterans in this country and their families need an advocate, not an adversary. They need someone committed to ending the waiting lines for health care and other services in Vermont and across the country, someone committed to opening the doors of the VA to all veterans, and someone who will make sure that service members returning from combat and their families get the care they deserve."
###
Jun 3, 2007
Investigative-Reporting Fund-raising Appeal
- Update on jailed veteran at bottom on this post -
MAL Contends will continue its breaking news, analysis, and investigative reporting.
The recent breaking piece on Vietnam-era veteran Keith Roberts (an innocent man jailed for filing for VA benefits for his Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and subsequent series have demanded a heavy investment of time and costs.
To help offset these costs, this site is conducting a three-day, fund-raising appeal ending at midnight on June 6. Any amount in cash or check can be snail-mailed to:
Michael Leon
2645 Smithfield Drive, Ste 36
Madison, WI 53719
Thank-you to the network of bloggers, veterans and radio shows who have given generously of their time and resources to publicize this outrage. Though the list of sites is too long to be exhaustive, the following sites deserve particular recognition:
- Veterans Today
- The Veterans' Voice
- Nam Guardian Angel
- Veterans for Common Sense
- Uppity Wisconsin
- Op Ed News
- ePluribus Media Community
- MyDD
- News Now Public
- Smirking Chimp
- - WORT Radio - A Public Radio (May 25; at one minute, nine seconds)
- - The Lee Rayburn show (May 24; begins at 44 min., 24 sec.)
- - Wisconsin Public Radio News (May 10)
The Roberts family, attorney Robert Walsh (and his network), Col Dan Cedusky (and all his people) and Steve Hanson, Lee Rayburn, Gil Halstad and Judith Siers-Poisson remain champions and fighters for justice.
Beyond MAL Contends, to stay informed and receive the free and one of the oldest veteran newsletters: Email:http://us.f554.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=VeteranIssues-subscribe@yahoogroups.com Questions and issues can be emailed to: http://us.f554.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=colonel-dan@sbcglobal.net
Dan Cedusky, Champaign IL , Col , AUS, Ret.
###
New Corroborating Evidence in Jailed Vet Case
Material Witness Contradicts Prosecution in E-Mail
An e-mail written by a former Navy officer corroborates the account of a Vietnam-era airman who witnessed the death of a colleague killed in a gruesome C-54 aircraft accident in 1969 at a Naval Air Facility in Naples, Italy.
The crushing death of Airman Gary Holland in the wheel well of the C-54 set in motion a chain of events that 36 years later led the US Veterans Administration (VA) and the US Atty for the Eastern District of Wisconsin in 2006 to indict and convict a veteran, Airman Keith Roberts (1968-71), diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), on charges of wire fraud, arguing that Roberts fabricated his role at the death scene and his relationship with Holland, defrauding the VA.
According to several documents, as the C-54 plane was crushing Holland to death and the base equivalent of a general quarters alarm was sounding, Roberts, who was on line duty, ran outside the aircraft hangar to the area where the base kept heavy equipment (fork lifts, air compressors, and trucks).
He asked personnel for a fork lift and operator, which were sent with him.
Personnel positioned the fork lift under the rear edge of the plane, under a beam inside the plane and tried to use it as jacking point to life the plane off of Holland.
Roberts told the fork lift operator to raise the forks, but they were ordered to stop by an officer who said they would damage the C-54 airplane.
Roberts became upset at the order and for decades told the story of the death of Holland in anger, saying the officer believed a possible dent in the aircraft was more important than the life of Holland.
US Atty Stephen Biskupic’s office said in a Nov. 13, 2006 press release that “Roberts falsified his role in the attempted rescue of an airman killed at Naval Air Facility Naples on February 4, 1969.”
E-mail
The naval officer and aviator who wrote the e-mail was present at and witnessed the incident.
But he was not interviewed by personnel investigating the accident in 1969, by VA Special Agent Ray Vasil of the Inspector General’s office in Chicago in 2005-2006, by the US Atty’s office, nor was he a witness at Roberts’ trial.
The naval officer’s e-mail reads in part:
“I was at NAF Naples from June 1968-71. … I think the c-54 which had the nose wheel accident was a commander middle east forces bird which was at Naples for scheduled maintenance at the time. I remember the accident. I don’t think anyone there at the time would forget it. As I recall someone had used a screwdriver instead of the proper pin to lock the nosewheel. The maintenance officer was Lcdr Hal (Harold) Truesdale. I recall that he stopped someone from using a forklift to quickly raise the nose of the aircraft, as he said it would damage the aircraft and instead opted for having people run to the aft end of the aircraft in order to take the weight off the nose and recover the airman trapped. I am pretty sure the man died as a result of the injuries.”
The naval officer’s e-mail supports Roberts’ version of event of the attempted use of a fork lift and the order by an officer to stop using the forklift.
Testimony by a naval officer on the substance of the e-mail would have likely engendered in a jury at the least reasonable doubt that Roberts lied about his role.
Roberts and the VA
Roberts was advised in 2002 by the late Jim Henning, a Shawano County (Wisconsin) Veteran's Service Officer, to apply for an earlier retroactive date for his PTSD disability benefits predicated in part by his witnessing Holland being crushed to death and related trauma.
Critics and veteran groups accuse the Bush administration of the unprecedented politicalization of the Department of Justice and the VA, and see the indictment and conviction of Roberts on charges of wire fraud (and other veterans) as a consequence of this politicalization that discourages Vietnam-era veterans from seeking PTSD benefits, per the views of the American Enterprise Institute.
Roberts was diagnosed with PTSD and granted disability benefits in 1999, but became suspicious of the VA and he accused the VA of engaging in fraud.
Ultimately, the VA and US Atty Stephen Biskupic turned Roberts' charge around, and charged and convicted Roberts with fraud, a prosecution that has veterans all over the country shaking their heads in disbelief.
Next Legal Steps
Roberts is appealing his conviction.
Roberts' appeal brief is due June 29 before the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
The government brief is due July 30.
Roberts' reply brief is due August 13.
Oral arguments are scheduled at the Court's convenience.
The case number is: U.S. v. Roberts, E.D. of Wisconsin federal court, docket 05-CR-118. U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, 07-1546,
###
MAL Contends will continue its breaking news, analysis, and investigative reporting.The recent breaking piece on Vietnam-era veteran Keith Roberts (an innocent man jailed for filing for VA benefits for his Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) and subsequent series have demanded a heavy investment of time and costs.
To help offset these costs, this site is conducting a three-day, fund-raising appeal ending at midnight on June 6. Any amount in cash or check can be snail-mailed to:
Michael Leon
2645 Smithfield Drive, Ste 36
Madison, WI 53719
Thank-you to the network of bloggers, veterans and radio shows who have given generously of their time and resources to publicize this outrage. Though the list of sites is too long to be exhaustive, the following sites deserve particular recognition:
- Veterans Today
- The Veterans' Voice
- Nam Guardian Angel
- Veterans for Common Sense
- Uppity Wisconsin
- Op Ed News
- ePluribus Media Community
- MyDD
- News Now Public
- Smirking Chimp
- - WORT Radio - A Public Radio (May 25; at one minute, nine seconds)
- - The Lee Rayburn show (May 24; begins at 44 min., 24 sec.)
- - Wisconsin Public Radio News (May 10)
The Roberts family, attorney Robert Walsh (and his network), Col Dan Cedusky (and all his people) and Steve Hanson, Lee Rayburn, Gil Halstad and Judith Siers-Poisson remain champions and fighters for justice.
Beyond MAL Contends, to stay informed and receive the free and one of the oldest veteran newsletters: Email:http://us.f554.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=VeteranIssues-subscribe@yahoogroups.com Questions and issues can be emailed to: http://us.f554.mail.yahoo.com/ym/Compose?To=colonel-dan@sbcglobal.net
Dan Cedusky, Champaign IL , Col , AUS, Ret.
###
New Corroborating Evidence in Jailed Vet Case
Material Witness Contradicts Prosecution in E-Mail
An e-mail written by a former Navy officer corroborates the account of a Vietnam-era airman who witnessed the death of a colleague killed in a gruesome C-54 aircraft accident in 1969 at a Naval Air Facility in Naples, Italy.
The crushing death of Airman Gary Holland in the wheel well of the C-54 set in motion a chain of events that 36 years later led the US Veterans Administration (VA) and the US Atty for the Eastern District of Wisconsin in 2006 to indict and convict a veteran, Airman Keith Roberts (1968-71), diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), on charges of wire fraud, arguing that Roberts fabricated his role at the death scene and his relationship with Holland, defrauding the VA.
According to several documents, as the C-54 plane was crushing Holland to death and the base equivalent of a general quarters alarm was sounding, Roberts, who was on line duty, ran outside the aircraft hangar to the area where the base kept heavy equipment (fork lifts, air compressors, and trucks).
He asked personnel for a fork lift and operator, which were sent with him.
Personnel positioned the fork lift under the rear edge of the plane, under a beam inside the plane and tried to use it as jacking point to life the plane off of Holland.
Roberts told the fork lift operator to raise the forks, but they were ordered to stop by an officer who said they would damage the C-54 airplane.
Roberts became upset at the order and for decades told the story of the death of Holland in anger, saying the officer believed a possible dent in the aircraft was more important than the life of Holland.
US Atty Stephen Biskupic’s office said in a Nov. 13, 2006 press release that “Roberts falsified his role in the attempted rescue of an airman killed at Naval Air Facility Naples on February 4, 1969.”
The naval officer and aviator who wrote the e-mail was present at and witnessed the incident.
But he was not interviewed by personnel investigating the accident in 1969, by VA Special Agent Ray Vasil of the Inspector General’s office in Chicago in 2005-2006, by the US Atty’s office, nor was he a witness at Roberts’ trial.
The naval officer’s e-mail reads in part:
“I was at NAF Naples from June 1968-71. … I think the c-54 which had the nose wheel accident was a commander middle east forces bird which was at Naples for scheduled maintenance at the time. I remember the accident. I don’t think anyone there at the time would forget it. As I recall someone had used a screwdriver instead of the proper pin to lock the nosewheel. The maintenance officer was Lcdr Hal (Harold) Truesdale. I recall that he stopped someone from using a forklift to quickly raise the nose of the aircraft, as he said it would damage the aircraft and instead opted for having people run to the aft end of the aircraft in order to take the weight off the nose and recover the airman trapped. I am pretty sure the man died as a result of the injuries.”
The naval officer’s e-mail supports Roberts’ version of event of the attempted use of a fork lift and the order by an officer to stop using the forklift.
Testimony by a naval officer on the substance of the e-mail would have likely engendered in a jury at the least reasonable doubt that Roberts lied about his role.
Roberts and the VA
Roberts was advised in 2002 by the late Jim Henning, a Shawano County (Wisconsin) Veteran's Service Officer, to apply for an earlier retroactive date for his PTSD disability benefits predicated in part by his witnessing Holland being crushed to death and related trauma.
Critics and veteran groups accuse the Bush administration of the unprecedented politicalization of the Department of Justice and the VA, and see the indictment and conviction of Roberts on charges of wire fraud (and other veterans) as a consequence of this politicalization that discourages Vietnam-era veterans from seeking PTSD benefits, per the views of the American Enterprise Institute.
Roberts was diagnosed with PTSD and granted disability benefits in 1999, but became suspicious of the VA and he accused the VA of engaging in fraud.
Ultimately, the VA and US Atty Stephen Biskupic turned Roberts' charge around, and charged and convicted Roberts with fraud, a prosecution that has veterans all over the country shaking their heads in disbelief.
Next Legal Steps
Roberts is appealing his conviction.
Roberts' appeal brief is due June 29 before the US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit.
The government brief is due July 30.
Roberts' reply brief is due August 13.
Oral arguments are scheduled at the Court's convenience.
The case number is: U.S. v. Roberts, E.D. of Wisconsin federal court, docket 05-CR-118. U.S. Court of Appeals for the 7th Circuit, 07-1546,
###
May 8, 2007
Report Issued on PTSD Cost to Mixed Reactions
The Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council released an anticipated report entitled PTSD Compensation and Military Service on May 8.
The report came as criticism has mounted over Veteran Administration (VA) Sec. Jim Nicholson’s tenure at the VA that saw budget shortfalls, a backlog of 600,000 disability cases, staffing shortages at Vet Centers, security breaches, alleged neglect of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) cases, and even the criminalization of the VA benefit process.
After a storm of veterans’ and Democrats’ denunciations, on Nov. 10, 2005, the (VA) announced that there would “no across-the-board review of (PTSD) cases,” reversing its controversial plan to review 72,000 PTSD cases.
“The process of gathering evidence to prove PTSD disability is extremely time-consuming. It requires the compilation of medical records, military service records, and testimonies from other veterans who can attest to a person’s combat exposure. I cannot fathom why the VA would require veterans to go through this emotionally painful process a second time,” said Sen. Barrack Obama (D-IL) on August 10, 2005.
Days later, Cheryl Reed of the Chicago Sun Times, broke a story detailing how the VA planned to implement a PTSD restructuring anyway, announced in a low-profile press release through Sen. Larry Craig (R-ID), then Chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, a move that drew condemnation for the low-profile manner in which the plan was announced.
Craig's press release announced that the VA would contract with the (non-profit) Institute of Medicine (IOM) on a two-pronged approach to the examination of PTSD.
The current IOM report cites a 2005 VA Office of Inspector General report stating that from 1999 to 2004 the number of beneficiaries receiving PTSD benefits grew 148 percent, representing benefit payments of some $4.3 billion; a figure equal to what the U.S. spends in Iraq in approximately 16 days, according to the National Priorities Project.
Vietnam Vets
The IOM website notes that, “The surge in claims by Vietnam War veterans and other former military personnel has revealed inconsistencies in how veterans are rated for PTSD disability and in compensation levels.”
This claim is echoed in the Army Times (May 8, 2007) “While the largest share of claims is still coming from Vietnam War veterans, there are expected to be many more claims in (the) future from personnel who served in the first Gulf War and in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the panel said.”
While some critics fear the report will be used by the VA to restrict PTSD benefits for veterans, the Vietnam Veterans of Americans (VVA) lauded parts of the IOM report.
"This report reiterates the need for much better training and standardized certification of adjudicators at VA, better training for VA's examining clinicians, and adequate time and resources for examining clinicians to do their job properly at VA. Further, it notes that the onset of legitimate PTSD or a major relapse can occur at any time, sometimes decades after the experience, sparked by a variety of causes," said VVA National President John Rowan.
The IOM report also notes that PTSD can be triggered by trauma other than combat, such as sexual assault, a crime increasingly experienced by female troops.
###
After a storm of veterans’ and Democrats’ denunciations, on Nov. 10, 2005, the (VA) announced that there would “no across-the-board review of (PTSD) cases,” reversing its controversial plan to review 72,000 PTSD cases.
“The process of gathering evidence to prove PTSD disability is extremely time-consuming. It requires the compilation of medical records, military service records, and testimonies from other veterans who can attest to a person’s combat exposure. I cannot fathom why the VA would require veterans to go through this emotionally painful process a second time,” said Sen. Barrack Obama (D-IL) on August 10, 2005.
Days later, Cheryl Reed of the Chicago Sun Times, broke a story detailing how the VA planned to implement a PTSD restructuring anyway, announced in a low-profile press release through Sen. Larry Craig (R-ID), then Chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, a move that drew condemnation for the low-profile manner in which the plan was announced.
Craig's press release announced that the VA would contract with the (non-profit) Institute of Medicine (IOM) on a two-pronged approach to the examination of PTSD.
The current IOM report cites a 2005 VA Office of Inspector General report stating that from 1999 to 2004 the number of beneficiaries receiving PTSD benefits grew 148 percent, representing benefit payments of some $4.3 billion; a figure equal to what the U.S. spends in Iraq in approximately 16 days, according to the National Priorities Project.
Vietnam Vets
The IOM website notes that, “The surge in claims by Vietnam War veterans and other former military personnel has revealed inconsistencies in how veterans are rated for PTSD disability and in compensation levels.”
This claim is echoed in the Army Times (May 8, 2007) “While the largest share of claims is still coming from Vietnam War veterans, there are expected to be many more claims in (the) future from personnel who served in the first Gulf War and in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, the panel said.”
While some critics fear the report will be used by the VA to restrict PTSD benefits for veterans, the Vietnam Veterans of Americans (VVA) lauded parts of the IOM report.
"This report reiterates the need for much better training and standardized certification of adjudicators at VA, better training for VA's examining clinicians, and adequate time and resources for examining clinicians to do their job properly at VA. Further, it notes that the onset of legitimate PTSD or a major relapse can occur at any time, sometimes decades after the experience, sparked by a variety of causes," said VVA National President John Rowan.
The IOM report also notes that PTSD can be triggered by trauma other than combat, such as sexual assault, a crime increasingly experienced by female troops.
###
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